Pathetic Facts

Argentine music stars who deceased at age 69

Here are 31 famous musicians from Argentina died at 69:

Ezequiel Martínez Estrada

Ezequiel Martínez Estrada (September 14, 1895 Argentina-November 4, 1964 Bahía Blanca) also known as Ezequiel Martinez Estrada was an Argentine writer.

Martinez Estrada was one of the most prominent writers of his time, known for his essays and criticism. He was deeply involved in political and social issues, and his works often reflected his Marxist and anti-imperialist beliefs. His best-known work is "Radiografía de la Pampa," a critical examination of Argentine society and culture, which remains a classic of Argentine literature. Martinez Estrada was also a prolific journalist, writing for many of Argentina's leading newspapers and journals. In addition to his writing, he was a professor of literature at the National University of La Plata and a member of the Argentine Academy of Letters. He is remembered as a literary giant of Argentine literature, whose work continues to influence generations of writers and thinkers.

Martinez Estrada was born in Santa Fe, Argentina, and grew up in the rural town of Rincón de Valladares. His rural upbringing had a profound impact on his writing, and much of his work deals with the harsh realities of life in the Argentine countryside. After completing his education in Buenos Aires, he began working as a journalist and editor, and quickly established himself as one of the leading voices of the avant-garde literary movement in Argentina.

Martinez Estrada's political beliefs and activism often brought him into conflict with the Argentine government, and he spent several years in exile in Uruguay and Chile. Despite this, he remained a vocal critic of political corruption and economic inequality throughout his life, and his writings continue to be celebrated for their uncompromising social and political commentary.

In addition to his literary and journalistic work, Martinez Estrada was also a respected teacher and intellectual. He spent many years teaching at universities throughout Argentina, and his lectures and essays were widely read and influential. He was also a devoted husband and father, and his personal life was marked by a deep commitment to social justice and political activism.

Today, Martinez Estrada is remembered as one of Argentina's greatest writers and intellectuals, whose work remains as relevant and powerful today as it was during his lifetime. His contributions to Argentine literature and journalism helped shape the country's cultural identity, and his legacy continues to inspire generations of writers and activists.

Julio Cortázar

Julio Cortázar (August 26, 1914 Ixelles-February 12, 1984 Paris) also known as Julio Cortazar, Julio Denis, Jules Florencio Cortázar, Cortazar or Julio Florencio Cortázar was an Argentine writer, translator, novelist, screenwriter, teacher and poet.

His albums include .

He died in hiv/aids.

Read more about Julio Cortázar on Wikipedia »

Omar Sívori

Omar Sívori (October 2, 1935 San Nicolás de los Arroyos-February 17, 2005 San Nicolás de los Arroyos) was an Argentine soccer player and coach.

Sívori was widely regarded as one of the best players of his generation and was known for his excellent dribbling skills and precise finishing ability. He began his career at River Plate in 1954 but was controversially sold to Italian club Juventus in 1957, where he played alongside legendary players like Giampiero Boniperti and John Charles. Sívori won three Serie A titles with Juventus and was awarded the Ballon d'Or in 1961, which at the time was regarded as the most prestigious individual award for a soccer player.

After retiring as a player in 1969, Sívori went on to have a successful coaching career in both Argentina and Italy. He coached several high-profile teams including River Plate and Napoli, and was admired for his tactical acumen and ability to motivate his players. Despite living in Italy for most of his adult life, Sívori remained a dedicated Argentine and followed the national team closely. He was honored with the Argentine Football Association's Medal of Honor in 1988 for his contributions to Argentine soccer.

Sívori's soccer career spanned over 15 years and he was known for his versatility on the field, being able to play as a forward, midfielder, or winger. His success with Juventus helped establish the team as one of the top Italian clubs, and he is still remembered as a key player in the team's history. Sívori's controversial move from River Plate to Juventus was due to disputes over his contract and payment, causing a rift between him and the Argentine club's management. Despite this, Sívori always considered himself an Argentine player and represented the national team in several international competitions, including the 1958 World Cup. Beyond soccer, Sívori was also an avid golfer and spent much of his retirement playing the sport. His legacy as one of Argentina's greatest soccer players continues to inspire new generations of players in the country.

He died as a result of pancreatic cancer.

Read more about Omar Sívori on Wikipedia »

Rodolfo Enrique Fogwill

Rodolfo Enrique Fogwill (July 15, 1941 Quilmes-August 21, 2010 Buenos Aires) a.k.a. Rodolfo Fogwill was an Argentine writer, sociologist and novelist. He had one child, Vera Fogwill.

Fogwill was known for his experimental style of writing and his works often dealt with the political and social unrest in Argentina during the 1970s and 80s. His most famous work, "Los Pichiciegos" (The Pineapple Soldiers), is a novel based on his own experiences during the Falklands War. In addition to his writing, Fogwill was also a professor of sociology and worked as a consultant for advertising agencies. He was a controversial figure in Argentina due to his opposition to traditional leftist ideology and support of market-oriented reforms in the country. Despite this, he remained a highly respected literary figure until his death in 2010.

Fogwill was born as Rodolfo Enrique Fogwill Bottger in Quilmes, Buenos Aires in 1941. After studying sociology at the Universidad de Buenos Aires, he went on to earn a PhD in Sociology and Anthropology from the University of Sussex in England. During this time, he became interested in Marxism and was heavily involved in leftist politics.

After returning to Argentina in the mid-1970s, Fogwill became disillusioned with the leftist movement and began to explore new ideas and theories. He started writing and publishing short stories and essays, which quickly gained him a reputation as an important literary figure in Argentina.

Fogwill's literary style was characterized by his use of experimental techniques and his exploration of the political and social issues facing Argentina during the 1970s and 80s. He was particularly interested in the ways that language and power interacted in society, and his work often reflected a deep skepticism towards established political ideologies.

Despite his controversial views on politics and society, Fogwill remained a deeply beloved figure in Argentina's literary community. His work continues to be widely read and admired both within Argentina and internationally.

He died as a result of emphysema.

Honorio Pueyrredón

Honorio Pueyrredón (June 9, 1876 Buenos Aires-September 23, 1945) otherwise known as Honorio Pueyrredon was an Argentine lawyer and politician.

He came from a prominent family involved in politics and public service. Pueyrredón himself had a lengthy career in politics, serving as a key figure in the Radical Civic Union, a political party he helped found. He was a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies and the Argentine Senate, and also held high-ranking positions within the government, including Minister of Justice and Public Education, and Minister of Foreign Affairs. Pueyrredón was known for his adherence to democratic principles and his advocacy of social and political reforms. He also played an important role in the drafting of the Argentine Constitution of 1949, which established many of the social welfare and labor rights protections still in place today. Despite his many achievements, Pueyrredón's legacy is somewhat mixed, with criticism of his focus on legalism and technocracy rather than more direct action to address social inequalities.

Pueyrredón was born into the influential Pueyrredón family, which played a significant role in the Argentine War of Independence. His grandfather, Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, served as the Director Supremo of the United Provinces of the Rio de la Plata and led the country's military efforts against Spanish colonial rule.

In his early career, Pueyrredón was a successful lawyer and legal scholar, often focused on labor law and social justice issues. He was also involved in the founding of the University of Buenos Aires' law school, where he taught for many years.

Pueyrredón's political career began in 1916, with his election to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies. He quickly rose to prominence within the Radical Civic Union, a progressive political party he helped establish in 1891. He was also instrumental in the formation of the For Freedom and Reform coalition, which brought together a variety of leftist and social democratic groups in Argentina.

Throughout his political career, Pueyrredón remained committed to promoting human rights and social welfare. He played a key role in the passage of many important laws in Argentina, including the labor code and the social security system.

Despite his many contributions to Argentine politics and society, Pueyrredón's views on political and economic reform were often misunderstood and criticized by both the left and the right. Some viewed him as too focused on legalism and bureaucracy, while others believed that he did not go far enough in addressing social inequalities.

Pueyrredón passed away in Buenos Aires on September 23, 1945, leaving behind a legacy as one of Argentina's most prominent liberal thinkers and reformists.

Read more about Honorio Pueyrredón on Wikipedia »

Mario Boyé

Mario Boyé (July 30, 1922 Buenos Aires-July 21, 1992) was an Argentine personality.

He was primarily known as an Argentine footballer, having played for several notable clubs during his career, including River Plate and Boca Juniors. Boyé was also part of the Argentine national team that won the Copa América in 1947.

After retiring from football, Boyé transitioned into the entertainment industry and became a popular actor in Argentina, starring in both films and television shows. He also worked as a sports commentator on television.

Despite his successes, Boyé also faced controversy throughout his career. In 1955, he was detained and imprisoned for four months after being accused of participating in a plot to overthrow then-President Juan Perón. Boyé denied the allegations and was eventually released.

In his later years, Boyé struggled with health issues and died in 1992 at the age of 69. Nevertheless, he left a lasting impact on Argentine football and entertainment culture.

Boyé began his football career in 1941, signing with River Plate. He quickly became known for his speed and agility on the field, earning him the nickname "El Loco." In 1944, he joined Boca Juniors and was instrumental in helping the team win the Argentine league title that same year. Boyé also had a successful international career, scoring several goals for the Argentine national team in various matches.

In the entertainment industry, Boyé appeared in over a dozen films and television shows. Some of his most notable roles include playing the lead in the film El Andador and starring in the television series Rolando Rivas, taxista. Despite being better known as a footballer, Boyé's acting career was well-received by audiences and critics alike.

Throughout his life, Boyé was also involved in various business ventures. He owned a night club in Buenos Aires and later founded a football academy to mentor young players. Boyé was known for being generous with his time and resources, often supporting charitable causes and giving back to his community.

Despite the controversy surrounding his arrest in 1955, Boyé remained a beloved figure in Argentina and was remembered for his contributions to both football and the entertainment industry. In 2003, he was posthumously inducted into the Argentine Sports Hall of Fame.

Read more about Mario Boyé on Wikipedia »

Martín Karadagian

Martín Karadagian (April 30, 1922 Buenos Aires-August 27, 1991) was an Argentine personality.

Karadagian was widely regarded as one of the pioneers and legendary figures of professional wrestling in Latin America. He was known for his flamboyant personality, signature moves, and colorful costumes. Karadagian performed in various countries such as Mexico, Brazil, and Peru, and was a popular figure in the 1960s and 70s in Argentina, where he was nicknamed "El Gitano" or "The Gypsy". Aside from his wrestling career, Karadagian was also a TV host and actor, appearing in several films and TV shows. He was inducted into the Wrestling Observer Newsletter Hall of Fame in 2011, posthumously cementing his status as a wrestling icon.

Karadagian was born to Armenian parents in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His interest in wrestling began at a young age and he started training professionally in his teens. He made his professional debut in 1948, and over the next few decades, he became one of the most popular wrestling stars in Latin America.

In addition to his wrestling career, Karadagian ventured into television and became a popular host on his show "The Martin Karadagian Wrestling Hour". He also had acting roles in various films and TV shows, including "The Ship of Condemned Women" and "The Monsters".

Karadagian was known for his signature moves, such as the "Karadagian Kick" and the "Karadagian Bulldog", which became iconic moves in professional wrestling. He was also known for his colorful costumes and flamboyant personality, which made him stand out in the ring.

Karadagian's contributions to professional wrestling in Latin America were immense, and his impact is still felt in the industry today. He passed away in 1991 at the age of 69, but his legacy lives on as an inspiration to future generations of wrestlers.

Read more about Martín Karadagian on Wikipedia »

Norberto Raffo

Norberto Raffo (April 27, 1939 Avellaneda-December 16, 2008 Avellaneda) was an Argentine personality.

Norberto Raffo was a well-known musician and composer who specialized in the tango genre. He began his career as a guitarist and was featured in several tango groups throughout his life. Raffo was also an accomplished composer, having written over 400 pieces, some of which became popular classics in Argentina. He was highly regarded for his contributions to the tango community and was recognized with numerous awards throughout his career, including the prestigious Konex Award in 1985. Raffo passed away in 2008 at the age of 69, leaving behind a vast tango legacy that continues to be celebrated in Argentina and beyond.

Aside from his contributions to music, Norberto Raffo was also recognized for his commitment to social justice. In the 1970s, he was actively involved in the Montoneros, a left-wing guerrilla group in Argentina. Due to his involvement, he faced persecution from the government and spent time in prison. After his release, Raffo continued to use his music to promote social change and was known for incorporating political messages into his lyrics. Despite facing controversy and censorship, Raffo remained steadfast in his beliefs and was respected by many for the integrity of his music. Today, he is remembered as a beloved figure in Argentine music and culture.

Read more about Norberto Raffo on Wikipedia »

Roberto Eduardo Viola

Roberto Eduardo Viola (October 13, 1924 Argentina-September 30, 1994 Buenos Aires) was an Argentine personality.

He was a military officer who served as the President of Argentina from 29 March 1981 to 11 December 1981. Viola was promoted to the rank of Brigadier General in 1978 and played a significant role in the 1976 military coup that overthrew President Isabel Perón. He also served as the commander-in-chief of the Argentine Air Force from 1978 to 1981. During his presidency, Viola attempted to restore public order, but his government was marked by human rights abuses, including forced disappearances and political violence against opposition groups. Viola was later arrested and tried for his involvement in these abuses. After a short period of house arrest, he was released due to health reasons and died in 1994.

Prior to his presidency, Viola served as a diplomat and military attaché in various countries, including the United States, Brazil, and Spain. He also received extensive military training in Argentina and the United States, and was recognized as an expert in intelligence and counterinsurgency tactics.

During his tenure as commander-in-chief of the Argentine Air Force, Viola implemented major reforms to modernize and streamline the military, including the incorporation of new technologies and equipment. He also played a key role in the Falklands War between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982, overseeing the air operations against British forces.

Despite his efforts to restore stability to Argentina, Viola's presidency was plagued by economic hardships, political unrest, and growing criticism from human rights groups. His government was responsible for the forced disappearance of numerous individuals suspected of leftist sympathies, as well as widespread torture and other forms of violence against political opponents.

Viola's trial in the early 1990s marked a major milestone in Argentina's ongoing efforts to hold accountable those responsible for human rights abuses during the country's military dictatorship. Though his death in 1994 spared him from serving time in prison, his legacy remains controversial to this day.

Read more about Roberto Eduardo Viola on Wikipedia »

José María Ruda

José María Ruda (August 9, 1924 Buenos Aires-July 7, 1994 Castell-Platja d'Aro) a.k.a. Judge Jose Maria Ruda was an Argentine judge and lawyer.

He received his law degree from the University of Buenos Aires in 1954 and went on to become a respected jurist in Argentina. Throughout his career, Ruda served as a federal judge and specialized in issues related to human rights and criminal law.

Ruda was a vocal opponent of the Argentine military junta that ruled from 1976 to 1983, during which time he was temporarily suspended from his position as judge. He continued to speak out against government abuses even after his reinstatement, and was a supporter of the movement to bring those responsible for the atrocities committed during the Dirty War to justice.

In 1984, Ruda retired from the judiciary and became a professor of criminal law at the University of Buenos Aires. He remained active in legal circles until his death in 1994, and his contributions to the legal profession in Argentina are still recognized and celebrated today.

Ruda's dedication to human rights and justice was evident throughout his career. He was known for his strong stance against torture and his efforts to defend those who were unfairly accused and persecuted by the government. Ruda also made significant contributions to the development of criminal law in Argentina, particularly in the areas of evidence and criminal procedure.

In addition to his legal work, Ruda was also involved in politics and social activism. He was a founding member of the Progressive and Democratic Party and ran for office several times. Ruda was also active in various civil society organizations, advocating for issues such as freedom of expression and the rights of marginalized communities.

Ruda's legacy continues to inspire lawyers and activists in Argentina and beyond. He is remembered as a champion of human rights and justice, and an unwavering defender of constitutionalism and democracy.

Read more about José María Ruda on Wikipedia »

Juan Hohberg

Juan Hohberg (June 19, 1926 Córdoba-April 30, 1996 Lima) was an Argentine personality.

He was a lawyer, professor, writer, and sports executive. Hohberg was also a professional football player who played for various clubs in Argentina and Uruguay during the 1940s and 1950s. He was part of the Uruguayan national team that won the World Cup in 1950. Hohberg later became a successful lawyer and professor of law, and he also wrote several books on various subjects. He was involved in sports administration throughout his career, serving as president of the Argentine Soccer Association and the Peruvian soccer club Alianza Lima. Hohberg was known for his charisma, intelligence, and leadership, and he was widely respected in both the sports and legal communities.

Hohberg started his football career at the age of 16, playing for Talleres de Córdoba, and later moved to play for several other clubs in Argentina, Uruguay, and Brazil. He then played for the Uruguayan national team and was part of the team that won the 1950 World Cup. After retiring from football, he studied law and became a successful lawyer and professor, teaching at several universities in Argentina, Peru, and the United States.

His passion for sports led him to serve as President of the Argentine Soccer Association from 1967 to 1971, during which time he implemented several important changes to Argentine soccer. He also served as the President of the Club Alianza Lima in Peru, where he helped the team win several championships. Hohberg was known for his advocacy for fair play, and he fought against corruption in the sports industry.

In addition to his success in sports and law, Hohberg was also a published author. He wrote several books on various subjects, including politics, economics, and international relations. Hohberg died in Lima in 1996 at the age of 69. His legacy continued to impact both the sports and legal industries, and he is remembered for his contributions and achievements in both fields.

Read more about Juan Hohberg on Wikipedia »

Juan José Viamonte

Juan José Viamonte (February 9, 1774 Buenos Aires-March 31, 1843 Montevideo) otherwise known as Juan Jose Viamonte was an Argentine personality.

He was a military officer and prominent figure in the Argentine War of Independence. Viamonte fought in several battles, including the Battle of Huaqui and the Battle of Tucumán. He also held several government positions, serving as governor of the province of San Luis and later as Minister of War and Navy under President Bernardino Rivadavia. Viamonte's most notable achievement was leading the successful defense of Buenos Aires against the Brazilian invasion during the Cisplatine War. After the war, he was appointed governor of the newly-created province of Buenos Aires. Viamonte retired from politics in 1838 and spent his final years in Uruguay, where he died in 1843.

Viamonte was born into a family of Basque origin in Buenos Aires, which was then a Spanish colony. He began his military career in the Spanish army and fought in the Peninsular War against Napoleon's forces. However, he later joined the Argentine revolutionary forces and played a key role in the country's struggle for independence.

Viamonte was not only a skilled military strategist but also a respected politician. During his time as governor of San Luis, he implemented important reforms in the province, such as the establishment of public institutions and the promotion of agriculture and industry.

In addition to his military and political accomplishments, Viamonte was also an intellectual who contributed to the cultural life of Argentina. He was a member of the literary society Sociedad Patriótica de Buenos Aires and wrote several works on military tactics and history.

Furthermore, Viamonte had a reputation for being a person of integrity and honor. He refused to accept bribes or engage in corrupt practices, which was rare in the politics of his time.

Overall, Juan Jose Viamonte was a multifaceted figure whose legacy in Argentina's history is still celebrated today.

Read more about Juan José Viamonte on Wikipedia »

José Poy

José Poy (April 11, 1926 Rosario-February 8, 1996 São Paulo) was an Argentine personality.

He was a legendary football player who is widely considered as one of the greatest goalkeepers in the history of Argentine football. Poy began his football career at Rosario Central, where he won the Argentine Primera Division title in 1951. He also played for Boca Juniors and Racing Club before moving to Brazil to play for São Paulo.

Poy was known for his agility, reflexes, and bravery on the field. He helped São Paulo win three consecutive Campeonato Paulista titles and was a key player in the team's successful campaign in the 1957 European-South American Cup, where they defeated Italian giants, AC Milan.

After his retirement from football, Poy went on to become a successful coach, managing teams in Brazil and Argentina. He also worked as a pundit for various TV channels, where he shared his expertise and analysis of football matches. Poy's contributions to Argentine and Brazilian football have been widely celebrated and he continues to be regarded as a legend of the sport to this day.

Poy's success in football earned him numerous accolades throughout his career. In addition to his Primera Division title, he won three Campeonato Paulista titles with São Paulo and was a member of the Argentina national team that won the 1955 South American Championship. Poy's performances in goal were so impressive that he was named the best goalkeeper in South America in both 1955 and 1956.

Off the field, Poy was known for his professionalism and strong work ethic. He was a dedicated athlete who worked tirelessly to improve his skills and help his teams achieve success. In later years, Poy continued to be involved in football, working as a scout for São Paulo and serving as an ambassador for the club. He also played a key role in establishing the Argentine Soccer Coaches Association, which aimed to improve the quality of coaching in the country.

Despite his success, Poy remained humble and always remained connected to his roots in Rosario. He was deeply proud of his hometown and often spoke about his love for the city and its people. Poy's legacy as a footballer and coach has been celebrated by fans around the world, with many describing him as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time.

Read more about José Poy on Wikipedia »

José Bódalo

José Bódalo (March 24, 1916 Córdoba-July 24, 1985 Madrid) also known as Francisco Bodalo, Josè Bodalo, José Bódalo Zúffoli, José Bódalo, Francisco Bódalo or Jose Bodalo was an Argentine actor, announcer and football player. His children are called Maria Teresa Bodalo and Alicia Bodalo.

Bódalo was best known for his work as an actor, and appeared in over 160 films throughout his career. He began his acting career in Spain in the 1940s, and quickly became a popular performer, known for his versatility and ability to take on a wide range of roles. He worked with many well-known directors over the years, including Luis Buñuel, who cast him in several of his films.

In addition to his film work, Bódalo was also known for his work in theater and television. He appeared in many stage productions throughout his career, and was a regular on Spanish TV shows in the 1970s and 1980s.

Bódalo was also a talented athlete in his youth, and played professional football for several years before turning to acting full-time. He continued to be a sports enthusiast throughout his life, and was an avid supporter of the Real Madrid football team.

Bódalo passed away in Madrid in 1985, at the age of 69. He is remembered as one of Spain's most talented and beloved performers, and his legacy continues to live on through his many memorable performances on film, stage, and television.

In addition to his work in film, television, and theater, José Bódalo was also a respected voice actor. He lent his voice to several animated films, including Disney's Spanish dub of "The Jungle Book" and the Spanish version of "The Little Mermaid." Bódalo was also a strong advocate for workers' rights and was involved in several political movements throughout his life. He was a member of the Spanish Communist Party and was briefly imprisoned for his political activities during the Franco regime. Despite this, Bódalo continued to work and advocate for social justice throughout his career. He was recognized for his contributions to the arts and to society as a whole with several awards, including the Gold Medal for Fine Arts from the Spanish government.

Read more about José Bódalo on Wikipedia »

Edgardo Madinabeytia

Edgardo Madinabeytia (August 28, 1932 San Miguel, Buenos Aires-August 15, 2002 Buenos Aires) was an Argentine personality.

He was best known for his work in the arts and culture scene of Argentina. Madinabeytia founded the prestigious National Theater Workshop of Argentina in 1955 and served as its director until his death. He worked tirelessly to promote theater, literature, and the arts in Argentina and helped launch the careers of many talented actors and writers.

Madinabeytia also served as the director of the San Martin Theater in Buenos Aires from 1983 to 1986. He was a revered figure in the Argentine cultural scene and was known for his tireless dedication and passion for the arts.

In addition to his work in the arts, Madinabeytia was also a prolific writer, publishing several books of poetry, plays, and essays. He was also a professor of literature and drama at several universities in Argentina.

Madinabeytia passed away in 2002 at the age of 69, leaving behind a rich legacy of artistic excellence and cultural contribution to Argentina.

During his career, Madinabeytia was also recognized with numerous awards and honors for his contributions to the cultural scene in Argentina. He was awarded the National Prize for Theater in 1993, and in 2000 he received the Konex Award, which is considered one of the most prestigious awards in the arts in Argentina. Additionally, Madinabeytia was named a UNESCO Artist for Peace in 1997, and in 2001 he was awarded the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II for his contributions to theater and cultural exchange between Argentina and the United Kingdom. Madinabeytia's legacy continues to inspire and influence the arts and cultural scene in Argentina today.

Read more about Edgardo Madinabeytia on Wikipedia »

Julio Argentino Pascual Roca

Julio Argentino Pascual Roca (May 17, 1873 Córdoba-October 8, 1942 Buenos Aires) a.k.a. Julio Argentino Pascual Roca Funes was an Argentine lawyer.

He was also a prominent politician who served twice as the President of Argentina's National Congress. Roca was affiliated with the Radical Civic Union (UCR), which was a centrist political party that sought to promote national unity and social justice. Throughout his career, he advocated for democratic reform, public education, and workers' rights. Roca was particularly instrumental in the passage of the first Argentine labor laws, which established basic protections for workers such as the right to strike and minimum wage. In addition to his political work, Roca was a respected scholar who wrote extensively on legal and political theory.

Roca was born into a family of prominent politicians and military leaders. His father, Julio Roca, was a general who served as Argentina's President from 1880 to 1886. Despite being born into a privileged family, Roca dedicated his life to promoting social justice and improving the lives of ordinary people.

During his presidency of the National Congress, Roca worked tirelessly to introduce and pass legislation that would benefit workers and the poor. He was responsible for establishing the National Office of Labor, which was tasked with enforcing labor laws and protecting worker rights.

Roca's commitment to democracy and social justice made him a popular figure in Argentina, and he was widely respected for his integrity and dedication to his ideals. Even after leaving public office, Roca remained active in politics and continued to advocate for progressive causes.

Today, Roca is remembered as one of Argentina's most important political figures, and his legacy continues to inspire political activists and thinkers around the world.

Antonio Beruti

Antonio Beruti (April 5, 1772 Argentina-September 24, 1841) was an Argentine politician.

He was one of the members who signed the Primera Junta, the first independent government of Argentina, in 1810. Beruti was a vocal supporter of Argentine independence and a strong advocate for the rights of the working class. He also served as a member of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the country's first constitution in 1819. After retiring from politics, Beruti focused on his artistic pursuits and became a prominent painter in Buenos Aires. He is remembered today as a key figure in Argentina's struggle for independence and as a pioneer of its cultural development.

Beruti was born in Buenos Aires and was the son of a wealthy Spanish businessman. Despite his privileged background, he showed a strong sense of social justice from an early age and was deeply interested in the struggles of the lower classes. This led him to join the Patriotic Society, a group of intellectuals and activists who were working for Argentine independence.

Beruti played an important role in the events leading up to the May Revolution of 1810, which overthrew the Spanish viceroyalty and established the Primera Junta. He was one of the first to take to the streets to rally support for the Junta, and he famously painted slogans on the walls of Buenos Aires calling for independence and political reform.

After the establishment of the Junta, Beruti continued to be a vocal advocate for the rights of the working class and fought tirelessly for their inclusion in the new government. He was a key figure in the drafting of the new constitution in 1819, which enshrined basic civil liberties and established Argentina as a republic.

In addition to his political activities, Beruti was also a talented painter and played an important role in the development of Argentine art. He studied under the Italian artist Domenico Quaglio and went on to produce a number of notable works, many of which depicted scenes from Argentine history and culture.

Beruti died in 1841, but his legacy lives on in Argentina as a symbol of the country's struggle for independence and its cultural development. Today, he is remembered as one of the most important figures of the early Argentine republic.

Read more about Antonio Beruti on Wikipedia »

Lola Mora

Lola Mora (November 17, 1866 San Miguel de Tucumán-June 7, 1936 Buenos Aires) was an Argentine personality.

She was a sculptor, painter, and feminist. Mora was the first woman to attend and graduate from the National School of Fine Arts in Buenos Aires, where she became a teacher. She created the monument to the Argentine Army in Buenos Aires, which was highly criticized due to its erotically charged depiction of male figures. In addition to her art, Mora was a vocal advocate for women's rights and even ran for political office in Tucumán, though she was not elected. She faced significant backlash during her lifetime for her progressive views and unconventional behavior, but today is remembered as a trailblazer for women in the arts and beyond.

Mora's personal life was also a topic of controversy at the time. She was unmarried and had several relationships with both men and women, which was considered scandalous in the conservative society of early 20th century Argentina. Mora also faced financial difficulties and was often criticized for accepting government commissions for her sculptures. Despite these challenges, she continued to create and exhibit her art, with her work being displayed at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, as well as in Paris and Rome. Today, Mora's legacy is celebrated in Argentina, with a museum dedicated to her life and work in her hometown of Tucumán.

Read more about Lola Mora on Wikipedia »

Bernhard Dawson

Bernhard Dawson (September 21, 1890 Kansas City-June 18, 1960) was an Argentine astronomer.

He was born in Kansas City, Missouri, United States, but moved to Argentina with his family when he was just four years old. Dawson went on to become a prominent astronomical observer and researcher in Argentina. In 1911, he started working at the La Plata Observatory and was involved in the study of stellar motions and the search for new double stars. Later in his career, Dawson became the director of the Cordoba Observatory, where he played a vital role in the construction and operation of the El Leoncito Observatory. He also organized and directed numerous expeditions for the observation of solar eclipses. Dawson received several honors for his contributions to the field of astronomy, including the National Prize for Science in 1954.

Dawson was also credited with discovering a number of double stars and novae. It was said that he had a keen sense of observation that allowed him to make detailed and accurate recordings of astronomical events. In addition to his work as an astronomer, Dawson was also a professor of astronomy at the University of La Plata and the National University of Córdoba. He was a member of a number of national and international astronomical societies, including the International Astronomical Union. Dawson passed away on June 18, 1960, leaving behind a legacy of celebrated work in the field of astronomy in Argentina.

Read more about Bernhard Dawson on Wikipedia »

Edmundo Piaggio

Edmundo Piaggio (October 3, 1905 Argentina-July 27, 1975) was an Argentine personality.

He was a businessman and industrialist who played a key role in the development of the Argentine automotive industry. Piaggio was the founder of the Piaggio Group, which became one of the leading manufacturers of motorcycles and scooters in the world. He also founded the industrial city of Pacheco, which served as the headquarters of his company. Piaggio was a prominent figure in Argentine society and was known for his philanthropy and support of the arts. He was also a keen sportsman and was a member of the Argentine Olympic Committee. Despite his success and wealth, Piaggio remained humble and down-to-earth and was admired for his integrity and generosity.

In addition to his business ventures, Edmundo Piaggio was also involved in politics. He served as a member of the Argentine Chamber of Deputies in the early 1950s and played a role in the foundation of the Christian Democratic Party of Argentina. Piaggio also had a passion for aviation and was a licensed pilot. In fact, one of the most famous aircraft in Argentine aviation history, the Aéro Club de Buenos Aires-designed "Piaggio P.112", was named in his honor. Piaggio passed away in 1975 and is remembered as a pioneering businessman and entrepreneur in Argentina's industrial development.

Read more about Edmundo Piaggio on Wikipedia »

Pérez Celis

Pérez Celis (January 15, 1939 San Telmo, Buenos Aires-August 2, 2008 Buenos Aires) was an Argentine artist and visual artist. He had one child, María José Gabin.

Pérez Celis initially pursued studies in architecture, but later shifted his focus to the visual arts. He became associated with the group of abstract artists known as the Grupo de Artistas de Vanguardia (Group of Avant-Garde Artists) in Argentina during the 1960s. He later influenced the art world with his use of mixed media, three-dimensional works and incorporation of unconventional materials, such as metal scraps and car paint. Some of his most notable works include a mural titled "Equis" located at the National Library of Argentina and his sculpture "El Gaucho" which stands in the city of Las Vegas, Nevada. His work has been exhibited globally, including in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City and the Centre Pompidou in Paris.

Throughout his career, Pérez Celis maintained a commitment to social justice and human rights activism. He participated in numerous protests and demonstrations and often incorporated political themes into his artwork. One of his most well-known pieces is the mural "América Latina" located in the Buenos Aires subway station. The vibrant mural depicts various cultural and political icons, including Che Guevara and Frida Kahlo. Pérez Celis was also a professor and taught at several art schools in Argentina. In recognition of his contributions to Argentine culture, he was awarded the prestigious Konex Award in 1982 and the National Prize of Visual Arts in 2006. Despite his success, Pérez Celis remained humble and committed to his artistic vision until his passing in 2008.

He died caused by leukemia.

Read more about Pérez Celis on Wikipedia »

Aristotle Onassis

Aristotle Onassis (January 20, 1906 Karataş, Izmir-March 15, 1975 Neuilly-sur-Seine) also known as aristotle_onassis, Aristotle Sokratis Onassis, Ari, Aristotle Socrates Onassis or Aristo Onassis was an Argentine business magnate. His children are Christina Onassis and Alexander Onassis.

Aristotle Onassis was born in Smyrna (now İzmir), Ottoman Empire, to a Greek Orthodox family. He started his career at the age of 16 as a shipping apprentice for the S.G. Kulukundis shipping company where he learned the shipping business. In 1925, he founded his own shipping company, Ariston, which became quite successful.

During World War II, Onassis managed to obtain crucial contracts to transport goods for the allies, which greatly increased his wealth. He continued to expand his shipping business through the 1950s and 1960s, acquiring other shipping companies and even an airline.

Onassis was also known for his high-profile relationships, including his marriage to Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of President John F. Kennedy. After their marriage, the couple frequently appeared in the public eye, attending high-profile events around the world.

Despite his success, Onassis faced personal tragedies, including the death of his first son, Alexander, in a plane crash and the premature death of his daughter, Christina, due to a heart attack.

Onassis died of respiratory failure at the age of 69 in Paris, leaving behind a legacy as one of the most successful Greek businessmen of all time.

Onassis was also known for his luxurious lifestyle, owning several yachts, private islands, and mansions around the world. His most famous yacht, the Christina O, was once owned by former Canadian Prime Minister, Edward Heath, and renamed by Onassis after his daughter. The yacht was known for hosting some of the world's most famous celebrities, including Winston Churchill, Marilyn Monroe, and Frank Sinatra.

Aside from his business ventures and personal life, Onassis was also involved in philanthropy, donating to causes such as education, health, and culture. He established the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation in memory of his son, which continues to support various initiatives around the world.

Onassis has been portrayed in various films and TV series, most notably by Anthony Quinn in the 1988 miniseries "Onassis: The Richest Man in the World." Today, his legacy continues to inspire generations of entrepreneurs and business leaders.

He died as a result of pneumonia.

Read more about Aristotle Onassis on Wikipedia »

Paco Jamandreu

Paco Jamandreu (October 17, 1925 Buenos Aires-March 9, 1995 Buenos Aires) also known as Francisco Vicente Jaumandreu, Jamandreu or Paco Jamandreu was an Argentine costume designer and actor.

Jamandreu was considered one of the pioneers in the profession of costume design for cinema and theatre in Argentina. He designed costumes for more than 150 films, including "La Tregua" and "La Patagonia Rebelde". Jamandreu was also a respected figure in the world of fashion and created costumes for operas, ballets, and theatres.

Throughout his career, Jamandreu received numerous awards and recognitions for his work. He won the Silver Condor award for Best Costume Design six times and in 1994, he was honored with the Konex Award for his contribution to the culture of Argentina.

In addition to his work as a costume designer, Jamandreu also acted in several films, including "Peron, sinfonía del sentimiento" and "Punto y banca". He was known for bringing his unique artistic vision to every project he worked on and for his dedication to his craft.

Jamandreu's legacy continues to inspire costume designers and artists in Argentina and around the world.

In addition to his achievements as a costume designer and actor, it is worth noting that Paco Jamandreu also had a strong passion for writing. He authored several books including "Mujeres que hicieron la moda" (Women who made fashion) and "La moda y la mujer" (Fashion and women) which were widely read in Argentina during his time. Jamandreu was applauded for his efforts in promoting Argentine fashion in the international arena and he paved the way for many young designers to pursue careers in costume design and fashion. In his later years, Jamandreu was a mentor and teacher to many aspiring designers, sharing his knowledge and skills with younger generations. His impact on Argentine culture and fashion is still felt to this day, and he is remembered as one of the most important figures in costume design and fashion in the country's history.

He died as a result of myocardial infarction.

Read more about Paco Jamandreu on Wikipedia »

Rafael Obligado

Rafael Obligado (January 27, 1851-March 8, 1920 Mendoza) was an Argentine playwright and poet.

He was born in Buenos Aires and studied at the University of Buenos Aires and the National University of La Plata. Obligado is known for his lyrical and patriotic poetry, which often dealt with themes of love, nature, and national identity. He also wrote several plays, including "Santos Vega," a tragic love story set in the Argentine countryside that is considered a classic of Argentine theater. Obligado was a prominent member of the Argentine intellectual community, and he was involved in various cultural and political initiatives during his lifetime. In addition to his literary work, he served as a member of Parliament and as a government minister in the early 20th century. Today, he is remembered as one of Argentina's most important writers and cultural figures.

Obligado was part of the literary movement known as the "Generation of 1880," which included other notable writers and intellectuals such as Leopoldo Lugones and Rubén Darío. He was also a founding member of the Argentine Society of Writers and the National Academy of Journalism. Obligado's literary style was influenced by European romanticism, and he drew inspiration from the Argentine landscape and culture to create his works. In addition to his poetry and plays, Obligado wrote several essays and articles on literary and cultural topics. His contributions to Argentine literature were recognized with numerous awards and honors, including the National Poetry Prize in 1911. Today, Obligado's legacy lives on in Argentina through his works and the many cultural institutions he helped establish.

Read more about Rafael Obligado on Wikipedia »

Francisco Manrique

Francisco Manrique (February 10, 1919 Mendoza-February 15, 1988 Buenos Aires) was an Argentine personality.

He was a writer, journalist, and politician who started his career as a teacher before transitioning to writing. He worked with several prestigious Argentine newspapers and magazines, including La Nación, Clarin, and Hoy. His literary work included essays, poetry, and plays, and he also contributed to several theater productions. As a politician, he served in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies and acted as an advisor to the Argentine Senate. He was also a strong advocate for democracy and human rights in Argentina, particularly during the dictatorship in the 1970s. In recognition of his contributions, he was honored with several prestigious awards, including the Konex Award for Literature in 1984.

Manrique was born into a family of intellectuals and grew up with a passion for literature and writing. He studied at the National University of Cuyo, where he earned a degree in Literature and Humanities. After working as a teacher for a few years, he began writing for various publications, and eventually became an editor at La Nación.

Manrique was a prolific writer, and his work covered a wide range of topics, from politics and social issues to literature and art. He published several books, including essays on Argentine literature and culture, poetry collections, and plays, some of which were produced on the stage.

In addition to his literary work, Manrique was an active political figure. He was a member of the Radical Civic Union party and served as a representative in the Argentine Chamber of Deputies in the 1960s. He later became an advisor to the Argentine Senate and worked on various committees focused on human rights and democracy.

During the dictatorship in the 1970s, Manrique became a vocal critic of the government's human rights abuses and advocated for democracy and freedom of expression. He was imprisoned for a brief period in 1977 and later forced into exile. He returned to Argentina in the 1980s, where he continued his work as a writer and activist until his death in 1988.

Manrique's legacy as a writer and political figure continues to be celebrated in Argentina, and his work remains an important part of the country's cultural and intellectual history.

Read more about Francisco Manrique on Wikipedia »

Robin Hughes

Robin Hughes (June 7, 1920 Buenos Aires-December 10, 1989 Los Angeles) was an Argentine actor.

He began his career in Argentine films in the 1940s, but eventually moved to the United States in the 1950s to pursue his acting career. Hughes appeared in over 100 films and television shows, often portraying exotic or foreign characters due to his European appearance and fluency in several languages. Some of his notable film credits include "The Three Musketeers" (1948), "The Egyptian" (1954), and "The Manchurian Candidate" (1962). Hughes also made guest appearances on popular TV series such as "Perry Mason," "Adventures in Paradise," and "The Beverly Hillbillies." In addition to his acting career, he was also a licensed pilot and served in the Royal Air Force during World War II.

Later in his career, Robin Hughes also became a well-respected acting teacher, founding the Robin Hughes Acting Academy in Los Angeles. He taught aspiring actors for over 25 years and his students included many successful actors such as Sharon Stone and Richard Dreyfuss. Hughes was also active in the Screen Actors Guild (SAG) and served as a board member for several years. He was known for his dedication to promoting the rights of actors and improving working conditions in the film and television industry. Despite his success in Hollywood, Hughes remained proud of his Argentine roots and often spoke of his love for his home country. He passed away in Los Angeles in 1989 at the age of 69.

Read more about Robin Hughes on Wikipedia »

Tito Ribero

Tito Ribero (May 16, 1915 Buenos Aires-July 18, 1984 Buenos Aires) also known as Amado Alberto Ribero, Tito Rivero or Ribero, Tito was an Argentine film score composer, singer and musician.

Beginning his career as a composer in the 1930s, Tito Ribero became widely known in Argentina for composing music for films and television shows. He was a multi-talented artist who played several instruments including the piano, guitar, accordion, and drums. Ribero's music was known for its unique blend of various genres such as jazz, tango, and swing. He worked with several renowned singers throughout his career, including Olga Delgrossi and Carlos Gardel.

Ribero's talent and popularity brought him to work on the international stage where he collaborated with famous musicians like Astor Piazzolla, Dave Brubeck, and Duke Ellington. In the 1950s, he toured extensively in the United States and Europe, introducing his unique style of Argentine music to new audiences.

Despite his success, Tito Ribero remained humble and dedicated to his craft. He was recognized with several awards throughout his career, including the Konex Award in 1985. His music continues to inspire new generations of artists and his legacy lives on as one of the most prominent composers in Argentine music history.

Ribero's career took off in 1945 with his composition of the tango "Milonga Triste," which he wrote for the movie "Los Tres Berretines." The song became an instant classic and solidified Ribero's place as one of the most important composers of his time. He went on to score over 300 films and television shows in Argentina, including the classic film "El Ángel Exterminador."

In addition to his work as a composer, Ribero was also a popular singer in his own right. He recorded over 200 songs and released several albums throughout his career. His signature deep voice earned him the nickname "La Voz de Oro del Tango" (The Golden Voice of Tango).

Ribero was not only a talented musician, but also a political activist. He was a member of the Communist Party and used his music to advocate for social justice and workers' rights. Ribero's activism led him to be blacklisted during the military dictatorship in Argentina in the 1970s, and he was unable to work for several years.

Despite this setback, Ribero continued to compose and perform until his death in 1984. He left behind a rich legacy of music that continues to be celebrated today.

Read more about Tito Ribero on Wikipedia »

Cornelio Saavedra

Cornelio Saavedra (September 15, 1759 Otuyo-March 29, 1829 Buenos Aires) was an Argentine politician.

Cornelio Saavedra was a pivotal figure during Argentina's early years of independence. He played a leading role in the May Revolution of 1810, which overthrew Spanish rule in Argentina, and went on to serve as president of the first locally-organized government in Buenos Aires. Prior to his involvement in politics, Saavedra also had a successful military career, having served as a captain in the Spanish Army. He later became a key figure in the Argentine military, leading the Army of the North during the War of Independence against Spain. Throughout his life, Saavedra was known for his patriotism and unwavering commitment to Argentina's independence and sovereignty.

Saavedra was the son of a wealthy landowner in what is now Bolivia. He received a good education and became well-versed in the latest Enlightenment ideas, including the concept of individual rights and popular sovereignty. This background helped shape his political beliefs and fueled his desire to see Argentina govern itself free from Spanish colonial rule.

As president of the first locally-organized government in Buenos Aires, Saavedra played a key role in establishing the foundations of Argentine democracy. He worked to create a constitution that would guarantee civil liberties and limit the power of the executive branch. Although his efforts were not always successful, his ideas helped shape the political debates of the day.

Saavedra's military career was just as impressive as his political one. He participated in numerous battles during the War of Independence, including the crucial Battle of Tucuman in 1812. His leadership skills were highly valued by his troops, who respected him for his bravery and unwavering commitment to the cause.

Despite his successes, Saavedra's career was not without challenges. He was briefly exiled from Buenos Aires during a political dispute, and he struggled with health issues later in life that limited his ability to participate in public life. However, his legacy as a key figure in Argentina's fight for independence and the country's early years of nation-building remains secure.

Read more about Cornelio Saavedra on Wikipedia »

Adolfo Castelo

Adolfo Castelo (August 29, 1935 Buenos Aires-November 23, 2004) was an Argentine journalist and presenter. His child is called Daniela Castelo.

Adolfo Castelo began his career in journalism at a young age, starting out as a sportswriter for the newspaper "El Mundo". He later became a radio and television presenter, hosting programs such as "Vuelo 104" and "La Botica del Angel". Castelo was known for his wit, intelligence and sharp tongue, becoming an icon in Argentine media. In addition to his work on TV and radio, he also wrote several books and articles on a variety of topics. Despite battling cancer for many years, he continued to work and remain active in the media industry until his passing in 2004. Castelo's legacy lives on as a beloved figure in Argentine media and journalism.

Throughout his long and illustrious career, Adolfo Castelo interviewed numerous prominent figures from the world of politics, entertainment, and sports. He was particularly renowned for his humor and ability to disarm even the most difficult interviewees with his quick wit and clever remarks. In addition to his work in the media, Castelo was also an accomplished author, having written several books on topics ranging from television to Argentine history.

Castelo was a passionate advocate for human rights and democracy, using his platform to raise awareness about social and political issues affecting Argentina and the wider Latin American region. He was actively involved in various civil society organizations, tirelessly campaigning for social justice and equality.

As a tribute to his contributions to Argentine media and culture, the city of Buenos Aires named a street in his honor in 2016. Adolfo Castelo remains an iconic figure in Argentine journalism and a source of inspiration for generations of aspiring journalists and media professionals.

He died caused by lung cancer.

Read more about Adolfo Castelo on Wikipedia »

Jorge Porcel

Jorge Porcel (September 7, 1936 Buenos Aires-May 16, 2006 Miami) otherwise known as Jorge Raúl Porcel de Peralta, El gordo or America's Fat Guy was an Argentine actor.

Porcel started his career as a comedian in the 1960s, doing stand-up comedy and appearing on television. He quickly became popular in Argentina, and in the 1970s starred in several films as well. Porcel was known for his humorous and irreverent comedy style, which often poked fun at himself and his weight. He also had a successful career as a television host, presenting a number of variety shows throughout his career.

Despite his success in Argentina, Porcel struggled to break into the international market. He made several attempts to launch a career in the United States, but these were largely unsuccessful. In the 1980s, he moved to Mexico, where he continued to work as an actor and television host.

Throughout his career, Porcel battled with his weight and health issues. He underwent several surgeries to try and lose weight, but these proved unsuccessful. In 2006, he traveled to Miami to undergo gastric bypass surgery, but unfortunately suffered complications and passed away at the age of 69. Despite his difficulties, Porcel was widely beloved by the Argentine public, and his legacy continues to be celebrated today.

Porcel's popularity in Argentina was unrivaled and he was widely regarded as one of the greatest comedians in the country's history. He starred in numerous successful films such as "Los chantas" and "El corte". Porcel was also a prolific writer, having penned several books including a memoir titled "Mi vida en comedia" ("My Life in Comedy"). He was known for his talent in making people laugh not only on screen but also in his personal life, as he was known to be a jolly and kind-hearted person.

Despite his comedic success, Porcel had a tumultuous personal life, with multiple marriages and numerous legal and financial troubles. Nevertheless, he remained a beloved figure in Argentina and his death was mourned by thousands of fans. Porcel's legacy continues to live on in the country's entertainment industry, with many modern-day comedians citing him as an influence and inspiration.

He died caused by surgical complications.

Read more about Jorge Porcel on Wikipedia »

Mario Maurano

Mario Maurano (August 6, 1905-December 27, 1974) was an Argentine film score composer and pianist.

Born in Buenos Aires, Mario Maurano began studying piano at a young age and went on to become a renowned pianist and composer, known especially for his film scores. He composed the music for over 60 Argentine films, working with directors such as Luis Saslavsky and Carlos Hugo Christensen, and his work was internationally recognized, with his music being played on European and American radio stations. In addition to his film work, Maurano also composed and arranged music for popular radio programs, and worked as a music teacher and conductor. He passed away in Buenos Aires in 1974, leaving behind a rich legacy of Argentine film music.

Maurano's musical career began when he was still a teenager. He started by playing in cafes and clubs in Buenos Aires, quickly building a following. He then went on to play in numerous concerts and recitals throughout the city. His popularity continued to grow, and he eventually began composing and arranging music for various radio programs in Argentina.

Maurano's first major breakthrough in the film industry came in 1941 when he was asked to compose the music for the film "El Pobre Pérez". His work was well-received, and he quickly became a sought-after film composer in Argentina. He continued to work on films throughout the 1940s and 1950s, producing some of his most famous scores for movies like "La Danza de la Fortuna" and "Almafuerte".

In addition to his film work, Maurano was also a respected music teacher and conductor. He taught at the National School of Music in Buenos Aires and conducted several orchestras, including the Municipal Symphony Orchestra of Buenos Aires. He was also a prolific recording artist, recording many of his own compositions as well as works by other composers.

Maurano's contributions to Argentine film music were significant, and he had a profound influence on subsequent generations of Argentine composers. He was recognized with numerous awards and honors throughout his career, including the Konex Platinum Award for Best Argentine Film Music Composer in 1985, long after his passing.

Read more about Mario Maurano on Wikipedia »